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Inside the Cell — Lecture 4

April 22, 2026

The big picture

A cell brings many small systems together. Its structures store instructions, release usable energy, and control the exchange of materials with the outside world.

Worth remembering

  • DNA in the nucleus provides instructions for cell functions.
  • Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP.
  • The membrane selectively controls movement into and out of the cell.
Check your recall

Which structure controls what enters a cell?

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Reaction Patterns — Chemistry Notes

May 5, 2026

The big picture

Follow the electrons to understand a reaction. Electron-rich groups donate pairs to electron-poor sites, while conditions influence which pathway a reaction takes.

Worth remembering

  • A nucleophile supplies a pair of electrons.
  • An electrophile receives that electron pair.
  • Solvent and temperature can change the outcome.

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Transcript

Think about all the work a cell does: it builds molecules, moves materials, and repairs damage. That work needs energy. Mitochondria help transfer energy from nutrients into ATP, which the cell can use to power many of these processes.

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