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Inside the Cell — Lecture 4

April 22, 2026

The big picture

A cell brings many small systems together. Its structures store instructions, release usable energy, and control the exchange of materials with the outside world.

Worth remembering

  • DNA in the nucleus provides instructions for cell functions.
  • Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP.
  • The membrane selectively controls movement into and out of the cell.

Working together

Ribosomes build proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum helps process them, while the Golgi apparatus sorts and packages them. Together, these structures help the cell grow, repair, and communicate.Cell structures work as a team.

Check your recall

Which structure controls what enters a cell?

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Reaction Patterns — Chemistry Notes

May 5, 2026

The big picture

Follow the electrons to understand a reaction. Electron-rich groups donate pairs to electron-poor sites, while conditions influence which pathway a reaction takes.

Worth remembering

  • A nucleophile supplies a pair of electrons.
  • An electrophile receives that electron pair.
  • Solvent and temperature can change the outcome.

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Transcript

Think about all the work a cell does: it builds molecules, moves materials, and repairs damage. That work needs energy. Mitochondria help transfer energy from nutrients into ATP, which the cell can use to power many of these processes.

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